Description
In this specimen the heart itself has been removed to demonstrate the reflections of parietal peritoneum and the orientation of the heart relative to other structures, including the diaphragm (diaphragmatic surface) and the lungs (left and right pulmonary surfaces). The pericardium is the multilayered fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and is continuous with the serous visceral pericardium (epicardium) of the heart itself. In normal anatomical position, the boundaries of the parietal pericardium are also the boundaries of the middle mediastinum (what we call coterminous). The internal surface of the parietal peritoneum has been false colored to aid in identifying the regions of the heart that are normally positioned in these parts of the middle mediastinum.
The base of the heart is roughly rectangular and projects superiorly and posteriorly (anterior to the hilum of the lungs). It can be seen on the model as the most posterior surface left by the impression of the heart. It is formed by the left atrium (pink) (and to a lesser extent the right atrium [blue-green]) and the proximal parts of the great vessels (red and blue) as they enter and leave the heart. This is also the fixed region of the heart, anchoring the heart through the origins of the great vessels where the visceral and parietal serous pericardium are reflected and continuous. The transverse pericardial sinus (clinically relevant for some cardiac surgical procedures) is visible between the pulmonary arteries (red) and the bases of the superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, and ascending aorta. Inferior to the pulmonary veins, the depressed region formed by the left atrium and left ventricle is termed the oblique pericardial sinus.
From the base, the heart projects anteriorly, inferiorly and towards the left side of the thorax. The most inferior and lateral point is the apex. The apex is formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle (yellow) and is normally found in the left fifth intercostal space along the midclavicular line.
Within the mediastinum, the heart rests on the diaphragmatic surface, consisting mainly of left ventricle (and to a lesser extent the right ventricle [light green]). This is the most inferior aspect of the heart and is separated from the base (the posterior surface) by the coronary sinus. It extends from the base of the heart to its apex. On the model it is the area that is just anterior and inferior to the ostium of the inferior vena cava.
The pulmonary surfaces are the broad and convex right and left lateral sides of the heart. The left pulmonary surface reflects onto the left lung and consists mainly of the left ventricle. The right pulmonary surface reflects onto the right lung and consists of the right atrium.
The heart also has an anterior surface that consists mostly of the right ventricle with some right atrium on the right and left ventricle on the left. In this model this surface cannot be appreciated as it has been dissected deep to the anterior surface. The portion of the pericardium that can be seen being reflected to either side would have covered, in part the anterior surface before they were reflected.
Great Vessels
The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart into the systemic circulation. It begins as the ascending aorta and originates from the aortic orifice at the base of the left ventricle of the heart. The left and right coronary arteries branch off immediately superior to the aortic orifice from the left and right aortic sinuses respectively to supply the heart muscle itself. The vessel moves superiorly to the level of the second right costal cartilage, the sternal angle, and is then referred to as the arch of the aorta. It becomes the descending or thoracic aorta when the arch moves inferiorly to the vertebral level T4. It spans down to T12 level and supplies much of the thorax.
The superior vena cava is a large vein is formed primarily by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins. It drains directly into the right atrium at the SVC ostium, carrying a significant portion of deoxygenated blood of the upper body.
The inferior vena cava is another large vein that drains much of the deoxygenated blood of the lower body, with many tributaries contributing to it throughout the trunk. It drains directly into the right atrium at the IVC ostium.
Pulmonary Vessels
The pulmonary trunk arises from the right ventricle of the heart. It bifurcates to give rise to the left and right pulmonary arteries left of the midline just inferior to vertebral level T4/5 and the arch of the aorta. These carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, entering at the root of the lung in the hilum.
There are four pulmonary veins in total. A superior and inferior pulmonary vein for each side, left and right. They carry oxygenated blood from the lung, beginning at the hilum and passing through the root of the lung, to the left atrium of the heart.
Transverse and Oblique Pericardial Sinus
The transverse sinus can be described as the common point of parietal and visceral pericardium. This is located beneath the aorta and pulmonary trunk and depicts a tunnel.
In contrast to the tunnel-like transverse sinus, the oblique pericardial sinus is more like an ocean bay. The two types of pericardium here also meet, and it is located between the pulmonary veins.
Advantages of 3D Printed Anatomical Models
- 3D printed anatomical models are the most anatomically accurate examples of human anatomy because they are based on real human specimens.
- Avoid the ethical complications and complex handling, storage, and documentation requirements with 3D printed models when compared to human cadaveric specimens.
- 3D printed anatomy models are far less expensive than real human cadaveric specimens.
- Reproducibility and consistency allow for standardization of education and faster availability of models when you need them.
- Customization options are available for specific applications or educational needs. Enlargement, highlighting of specific anatomical structures, cutaway views, and more are just some of the customizations available.
Disadvantages of Human Cadavers
- Access to cadavers can be problematic and ethical complications are hard to avoid. Many countries cannot access cadavers for cultural and religious reasons.
- Human cadavers are costly to procure and require expensive storage facilities and dedicated staff to maintain them. Maintenance of the facility alone is costly.
- The cost to develop a cadaver lab or plastination technique is extremely high. Those funds could purchase hundreds of easy to handle, realistic 3D printed anatomical replicas.
- Wet specimens cannot be used in uncertified labs. Certification is expensive and time-consuming.
- Exposure to preservation fluids and chemicals is known to cause long-term health problems for lab workers and students. 3D printed anatomical replicas are safe to handle without any special equipment.
- Lack of reuse and reproducibility. If a dissection mistake is made, a new specimen has to be used and students have to start all over again.
Disadvantages of Plastinated Specimens
- Like real human cadaveric specimens, plastinated models are extremely expensive.
- Plastinated specimens still require real human samples and pose the same ethical issues as real human cadavers.
- The plastination process is extensive and takes months or longer to complete. 3D printed human anatomical models are available in a fraction of the time.
- Plastinated models, like human cadavers, are one of a kind and can only showcase one presentation of human anatomy.
Advanced 3D Printing Techniques for Superior Results
- Vibrant color offering with 10 million colors
- UV-curable inkjet printing
- High quality 3D printing that can create products that are delicate, extremely precise, and incredibly realistic
- To improve durability of fragile, thin, and delicate arteries, veins or vessels, a clear support material is printed in key areas. This makes the models robust so they can be handled by students easily.
